Tuesday, April 24, 2018

Week 14, Endangered Species, Sustainable Choices


Sustainable Choices to Protect the Steppe Eagle

Section 1. The Steppe Eagle

I chose to research the steppe eagle. The steppe eagle is usually a dark brown color that matches their habitat. They are usually found in grasslands specifically steppes and semi-desert areas. They are typically found in europe, the middle east, and some parts of asia. I found it interesting that these birds used to build their nest on platforms of rock just off the ground but due to habitat alterations in the last two decades they have started to build their nest several yards off the ground in trees and bushes. This made me wonder if that affects the probability of chicks living to adulthood because they are more likely to die if they fall out of the nest from higher up. The climate that these birds live in is considered subarctic because of the location of the region. However the temperature ranges from 86⁰ F to 32⁰ F and they prefer open dry habitats. Their diet consists mainly of carrion, but they also will eat small rodents and some small birds. In researching about steppe eagles I could only find information about the human threats to these birds. Since they are birds of prey they are naturally the predator not the prey. The one reason I did find was related to their environment but was caused by humans. Since in the past 20 years these birds have had to build their nests in trees instead of just off the ground their chicks have been dying due to wildfires. This wasn’t found to be a problem when they were building their nests on platforms.


The critical threat to these birds is that their land is being converted for agricultural use as well as to put up windmills, power lines, and electrical towers. The birds have been found dead due to flying into towers and windmills. They have also been found electrocuted by the power lines. The cause of the threat is human intervention. There are ways to put up power lines and windmills in places that won’t harm these birds or any other birds. For example tracking where the birds generally live nad avoiding those areas when building structures.

This quick video is not about the steppe eagle specifically but it explains the reasons why eagles fly into windmills on accident and the issues with policies that aren't protecting these birds. 

Section 2. Keene, NH


The link between the steppe eagle’s habitat destruction and Keene can be linked to the United State’s high energy usage. Regarding birds in general power lines and towers contribute to bird deaths in New England. In New Hampshire we get most of our energy from nuclear power plants but the use of wind power is growing significantly. While wind power is a sustainable option for energy it has its consequences. In New Hampshire the best places to build windmills are on ridges in undeveloped parts of our state. This could have a significant impact on our local wildlife. See this link for more on wind power in New Hampshire. https://www.outdoors.org/conservation/hot-issues/wind-power

To reduce electricity use we could try and limit unnecessary uses of electricity. Someone could do this by air drying their clothes instead of using the drier, turn off lights when leaving a room, unplug things you aren't using. If you just turn off the lights every time you leave a room that doesn’t affect you daily life enough to not do it. Unplugging things that aren't in use can also be quick, you can just unplug it when your done using it. If we are all just a little more conscious of this, then we wouldn’t have the need for as much power as we currently consume. A second thing that someone could do to reduce energy use is to pick the right appliances to buy. Especially your refrigerator/ freezer since it is working all day, every day. For homeowners they could invest in insulating their roofs or ceilings. You could also do an energy audit. This can help you figure out where most of your electricity use os going.


This is a fun short video that illustrates simple things we can all do in out everyday lives to help conserve energy.

Sunday, April 1, 2018

Grasslands Description and Threats

Overview of the Grasslands:

Temperature in the grasslands can range from over 100º F to -40º F. The seasons range in harsh temperatures because of the hot summers and cold winters. The soil is dark and very rich in nutrients. This is because of the growth and decay of the wide spread grass roots. This also creates a very rich and fertile upper layer of soil. The grasslands get an average of 20-35 inches of rain. This determines the height of the grass and also is why there are three types of grasslands: the temperate grasslands, the tall grass steeps, and the short grass prairies.

These are a few photos of different grasslands.




There are four main human threats to the grasslands. Humans build farms on the grasslands which ultimately pushes the natural wildlife out. We also let our animal agriculture overgraze and that leaves nothing left for the natural wildlife and the land ends up depleted. Hunting can lead to extinction because of us killing for furs and meat. And global warming can cause droughts in these areas.

Here is a photo of some of the wildlife in the grasslands, specifically the bison.

Here is a photo of cows on grasslands. It is an example of how the agriculture industry takes over the grassland biome.

The primary producer in the grasslands is the grass itself. Because of the rich soil and widespread roots the grass can withstand harsh climates and different amounts of rainfall. The primary consumers in the grasslands are prairie dogs and bison. Since they are herbivores the grasslands are a good environment for them. They are also considered ecological engineers because of how they adapt and use their environment to their advantage. The prairie dogs adapt by hiding inside their burrows and holes to get away from predators and the harsh temperatures. The bison use a stamping noise to alert others of danger. They can also run up to 40 MPH and jump 6 feet, vertically. Tertiary consumers are the black footed ferret, lions, and hawks.

Here is a photo of one of the grasslands primary producers, the Prairie Dog.

Threats to the Grasslands and the Temperate Deciduous Forest:

The human threats to the Temperate Deciduous Forest would be farming, fuel, and housing. The trees were cut down to make room for people. They burned the trees for charcoal and also used the lumber to build homes. The cleared land was then used for these new homes and also as farmland. Less than 1/4 of the Temperate Deciduous Forest is left.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate_deciduous_forest#Human_effects
https://defenders.org/forest/types-forests

The grasslands also have the human threat of agriculture. earth used to be 1/4 grasslands but most of that is now used for farming and animal agriculture. There are now patches of grasslands and forests that has grown back over time around houses and farmland. Roughly 13% of the grasslands remain today. And is being lost at a rate of 2% a year.

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/habitats/grassland-threats/
https://news.mongabay.com/2016/12/grasslands-in-us-great-plains-are-being-destroyed-at-alarming-rate/

Another threat to the grasslands would hunting for meat and furs. Many of the animals in the grasslands are extinct or endangered because of the hunting. Especially on top of the growing animal agriculture business.

Here is a photo of a fox in the grasslands. It is an example some of the wildlife that is killed for fur.

Evolution of threats, Keene NH:

The biggest threat to the grasslands around Keene NH is the food we eat. Most food is grown or raised on grasslands. our culture is prone to overconsumption of resources. We waste about 40% of the food we buy. Old food in landfills contributes to 20% of the methane emissions in the United States and about 14% of greenhouse gas emissions come from the production of food.

http://goldengatexpress.org/2013/03/10/overconsumption/

Some solutions to food waste might be; just buying less food, stick to your grocery list, use a cart/ basket that only fits the essentials, and freeze more things. It can be as simple as using a basket instead of a cart or making a simple grocery list before you do to the store. You could also try composting your food waste and use it as fertilizer.

Here is a short video from the University of British Columbia that is about the impacts of the agriculture industry on our natural biomes.

To me the only wilderness we have around here is Mt. Monadnock and other hiking areas around. To me Keene has been urbanized quite a bit. On campus most of the trees that are there are not indigenous to our area. The natural foliage and wildlife was taken out and buildings were built and then a landscaper comes in and makes the campus look pretty with new plants that maybe wouldn’t have been there otherwise.

I look around in Keene and except for the couple of parks there are there isn’t much natural forest area or grassland. And that isn’t even touching on the pollution of the rivers and other bodies of water. You have to go out of town to see any natural forest or open grassland.
It wasn’t always like that though. Keene used to have a lot more wilderness and wildlife. If you just travel 10-15 minutes out of town there is a lot more wooded areas and wildlife. For example I grew up around here (about 15 mins from Keene) and it wasn’t uncommon for us to have bobcats, bears, or foxes around a lot. When I said that to a friend of mine that had only ever lived in Keene they were shocked. It feels to me like Keene has been so urbanized that people only expect to see domesticated animals.


Video:

I watched this TedTalk about how humans are affecting the environment at an exponential rate. I found it very interesting. Particularly the visual at 10:25 in the video. It is shocking how much we have messed up our environment. Especially because it has only really gotten bad in the last 60-70 years.